Nondipole effects in tunneling ionization by intense laser pulses

The limit of decreasing laser frequency cannot be considered independently from nondipole effects due to the increase in laser-induced continuum electron speed this limit. Therefore, work, tunneling ionization adiabatic is for an effective field that includes beyond electric-dipole term first order $1/c$, with $c$ being light. describes interaction resulting electric dipole-induced velocity and magnetic-field component laser. impact on rate, tunnel exit point, momentum at exit, dynamics discussed. In appropriate limit, results a strong-field approximation approach those strict where time strength are parameters, used identify nonadiabatic modifications initial conditions. open up avenue include step semiclassical models attosecond physics.